The Association of Reproductive Hormones During the Menstrual Period with Primary Dysmenorrhea.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of reproductive hormones with primary dysmenorrhea in Chinese women. Methods: A case-control study was conducted and patients with primary dysmenorrhea and non-dysmenorrhea participants were recruited. Oxytocin, PGF2α, vasopressin, estriol and estradiol were respectively measured in plasma collected three to five days after menstruation. Restricted cubic spline and multiple logistic regression models were adopted to analyze the association between hormones and primary dysmenorrhea. Results: There were 604 participants enrolled in our study including 300 patients with primary dysmenorrhea. After adjustment for the potential confounders, oxytocin levels (Q3: OR (95% CI) = 0.50 (0.27~0.95) (p=0.035); Q4: 0.34 (0.17~0.66) (p=0.001)) and PGF2α levels (Q3: 0.45 (0.24~0.87) (p=0.017); Q4: 0.43 (0.22~0.84) (p=0.013)) were respectively associated with an decreased risk of primary dysmenorrhea, but estradiol (Q2: 2.18 (1.13~4.19) (p=0.020); Q3: 2.17 (1.12~4.19) (p=0.022)) and vasopressin (Q3: 2.88 (1.48~5.63) (p=0.002); Q4: 3.20 (1.65~6.22) (p<0.001)) with an increased risk of primary dysmenorrhea, respectively. Among patients with primary dysmenorrhea, the higher estriol level was associated with higher frequent dysmenorrhea (Q2: 3.12 (1.32~7.34) (p=0.009); Q3: 4.97 (2.08~11.85) (p<0.001)) and always dysmenorrhea (Q2: 2.51 (1.03~6.11) (p=0.041); Q3: 3.10 (1.25~7.73) (p=0.015)). Similarly, high estriol levels were associated with the higher degree of pain significantly only when hormone levels were at a high level (Q3: 2.06 (1.03~4.18) (p=0.043)). Conclusion: Higher serum vasopressin and estradiol concentrations as well as lower oxytocin and PGF2α levels were associated with higher risk of primary dysmenorrhea. Estrogen showed a reverse U-shape association on the frequency and degree of pain among patients with primary dysmenorrhea.

Efficacy of intermittent versus daily vitamin D supplementation on improving circulating 25(OH)D concentration: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread issue globally, resulting in increased use of vitamin D supplements. However, it is unclear whether intermittent (weekly or monthly) vitamin D supplementation is as effective as daily supplementation in improving circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Methods: Three databases including Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched up to 10 November 2020. The risk of bias was evaluated according to Cochrane Collaboration's tool for rating methodological quality assessment. Direct and indirect comparisons between interventions and controls were performed by a Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA), where the mean difference (MD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to indicate the efficacy. Results: This NMA analysis included 116 RCTs with a total of 11,376 participants. Generally, we observed that 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly elevated regardless of vitamin D supplementation frequency. Although the findings of SUCRA indicated that daily vitamin D supplementation had a higher rank value than intermittent supplementation when the supplement dosage was similar, no statistically significant pooled mean differences of 25(OH)D concentration were noted between the daily supplementation group and intermittent supplementation group. Additionally, weekly supplementation with a total of 600,000 IU vitamin D supplementation during 3 months had the best efficacy in elevating 25(OH)D concentration (pooled MD = 63 nmol/L, 95%CI: 49-77). To achieve optimal 25(OH)D concentration (>75 nmol/L), we recommend 60,000 IU vitamin D supplementation monthly (~2,000 IU/day). Conclusion: The efficacy of intermittent vitamin D supplementation was similar to daily supplementation. Coupled with its convenience, the frequency and dosage of intermittent vitamin D supplements were recommended to reach the optimal 25(OH)D level.Systematic review registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=257257, PROSPERO CRD42021257257.

Detection of various fusion genes by one-step RT-PCR and the association with clinicopathological features in 242 cases of soft tissue tumor.

Introduction: Over the past decades, an increasing number of chromosomal translocations have been found in different STSs, which not only has value for clinical diagnosis but also suggests the pathogenesis of STS. Fusion genes can be detected by FISH, RT-PCR, and next-generation sequencing. One-step RT-PCR is a convenient method to detect fusion genes with higher sensitivity and lower cost. Method: In this study, 242 cases of soft tissue tumors were included, which were detected by one-step RT-PCR in multicenter with seven types of tumors: rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET), synovial sarcoma (SS), myxoid liposarcomas (MLPS), alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), and soft tissue angiofibroma (AFST). 18 cases detected by one-step RT-PCR were further tested by FISH. One case with novel fusion gene detected by RNA-sequencing was further validated by one-step RT-PCR. Results: The total positive rate of fusion genes was 60% (133/213) in the 242 samples detected by one-step RT-PCR, in which 29 samples could not be evaluated because of poor RNA quality. The positive rate of PAX3-FOXO1 was 88.6% (31/35) in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, EWSR1-FLI1 was 63% (17/27) in pPNET, SYT-SSX was 95.4% in SS (62/65), ASPSCR1-TFE3 was 100% in ASPS (10/10), FUS-DDIT3 was 80% in MLPS (4/5), and COL1A1-PDGFB was 66.7% in DFSP (8/12). For clinicopathological parameters, fusion gene status was correlated with age and location in 213 cases. The PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene status was correlated with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis in RMS. Furthermore, RMS patients with positive PAX3-FOXO1 fusion gene had a significantly shorter overall survival time than those patients with the negative fusion gene. Among them, the FISH result of 18 cases was concordant with one-step RT-PCR. As detected as the most common fusion types of AHRR-NCOA2 in one case of AFST were detected as negative by one-step RT-PCR. RNA-sequencing was used to determine the fusion genes, and a novel fusion gene PTCH1-PLAG1 was found. Moreover, the fusion gene was confirmed by one-step RT-PCR. Conclusion: Our study indicates that one-step RT-PCR displays a reliable tool to detect fusion genes with the advantage of high accuracy and low cost. Moreover, it is a great tool to identify novel fusion genes. Overall, it provides useful information for molecular pathological diagnosis and improves the diagnosis rate of STSs.

Association of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D with Preterm Birth and Premature Rupture of Membranes: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Low vitamin D (VitD) level is a risk factor for preterm birth (PTB), but the results of previous studies remained inconsistent, which may be influenced by the confounding factors and different types of PTB. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) to uncover the association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) with PTB, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). This study was conducted in Zhoushan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhejiang, from August 2011 to March 2022. Plasma 25(OH)D levels in three trimesters of pregnancy were measured. We conducted an MR analysis utilizing a genetic risk score (GRS) approach, which was based on VitD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The prospective cohort study included 3923 pregnant women. The prevalence of PTB, PROM, and PPROM were 6.09%, 13.18%, and 1.33%, respectively. Compared to those without vitamin D deficiency (VDD), only vaginally delivering pregnant women with VDD had a 2.69 (1.08-6.68) times risk of PTB. However, MR analysis did not support the association. One-unit higher GRS was not associated with an increased risk of PTB, regardless of the trimesters (OR [95% CI]: 1.01 [0.93-1.10], 1.06 [0.96-1.18], and 0.95 [0.82-1.10], respectively). When further taking PROM and PPROM as the outcomes, the MR analysis also showed no consistent evidence of a causal effect of VitD levels on the risk of them. Our MR analyses did not support a causal effect of 25(OH)D concentrations in the three trimesters on PTB, PROM, and PPROM.

The Association of Vitamin D during Pregnancy and mRNA Expression Levels of Inflammatory Factors with Preterm Birth and Prelabor Rupture of Membranes.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the association between vitamin D (VD) and the risk for preterm birth (PTB) and prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM). This study included two parts, with a cohort study and a case-control study. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in three trimesters in the cohort study and maternal 25(OH)D before delivery in the case-control study were measured. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect relative mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory factors associated with pyroptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), placenta and fetal membranes. Multinomial logistic regression and the Wilcoxon test were applied to analyze the associations. In the cohort study, 6381 pregnant women were included. We found that VD deficiency in T3 (PTB without PROM: OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.02-3.55, Term PROM (TPROM): OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.59-0.98) and less change of 25(OH)D between T1 and T3 (PTB without PROM: OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.07-5.06, TPROM: OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56-0.96) were associated with the increased risk of PTB without PROM, while there was a decreased risk of TPROM. Neither VD, nor the increase of VD during pregnancy was associated with the premature rupture of membranes preterm delivery (PPROM). In the case-control study, there were no associations between VD during delivery and PTB or PROM (TPROM: OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 0.52-3.44); PTB without PROM: OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 0.33-8.19; PPROM: OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.42-3.40). The mRNA expression of NLRP1 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 1) (p = 0.0165) in PBMC in the TPROM group was higher than that in the term group, and IL-18 (p = 0.0064) was lower than that in the term group. Plasma 25(OH)D in T3 and the increase of 25(OH)D between T1 and T3 were associated with a lower risk for PTB without PROM but a higher risk for TPROM. Further studies are warranted to clarify the association between VD and PTB and PROM and its mechanism.

TIMEDB: tumor immune micro-environment cell composition database with automatic analysis and interactive visualization.

Deciphering the cell-type composition in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) can significantly increase the efficacy of cancer treatment and improve the prognosis of cancer. Such a task has benefited from microarrays and RNA sequencing technologies, which have been widely adopted in cancer studies, resulting in extensive expression profiles with clinical phenotypes across multiple cancers. Current state-of-the-art tools can infer cell-type composition from bulk expression profiles, providing the possibility of investigating the inter-heterogeneity and intra-heterogeneity of TIME across cancer types. Much can be gained from these tools in conjunction with a well-curated database of TIME cell-type composition data, accompanied by the corresponding clinical information. However, currently available databases fall short in data volume, multi-platform dataset integration, and tool integration. In this work, we introduce TIMEDB (https://timedb.deepomics.org), an online database for human tumor immune microenvironment cell-type composition estimated from bulk expression profiles. TIMEDB stores manually curated expression profiles, cell-type composition profiles, and the corresponding clinical information of a total of 39,706 samples from 546 datasets across 43 cancer types. TIMEDB comes readily equipped with online tools for automatic analysis and interactive visualization, and aims to serve the community as a convenient tool for investigating the human tumor microenvironment.

Clinical Practice of Targeted Capture Sequencing to Identify Actionable Alterations in Cholangiocarcinoma.

The early diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) remain a challenge worldwide. Genetic testing promises to solve these problems. Due to the different mutation landscapes across populations and the paucity of sequencing data of Chinese patients with CCA, the existing mutation landscape is insufficient to reflect the mutation characteristics of Chinese patients. Thus, we retrospectively analyzed 72 Chinese patients with CCA who had received genetic testing of targeted capture sequencing. A total of 2152 somatic mutations were detected in 56 (77.78%) patients, of which, the frequently mutated driver genes were TP53 (27.78%), KMT2D (23.81%), KMT2C (20.63%), BCOR (18.06%), APC (15.28%), BAP1 (13.89%), ARID1A (12.50%), NF1 (12.50%), PIK3CA (12.50%), KRAS (11.11%), and LRP1B (11.11%). Most mutations were enriched in NRF2, TP53, and TGF-Beta oncogenic signaling pathways and cadherin repeat domains which were associated with intercellular adhesion. Based on cancer-related public databases and multiple protein function prediction algorithms, we identified 118 novel pathogenic or likely pathogenic somatic mutations and 77 actionable alterations. Molecular analysis of tumors from a precision oncology perspective can provide potential targets for early diagnosis and treatment of CCA and assist physicians in clinical decision making.

Global trends in total fertility rate and its relation to national wealth, life expectancy and female education.

OBJECTIVES: Along with the development of the times and progress of the society, the total fertility rate (TFR) markedly changed in each country. Therefore, it is critical to describe the trend of TFR and explore its influencing factors. However, previous studies did not consider the time lag and cumulative effect in the associations between the influencing factors and TFR. Thus, our study aimed to analyze the associations from a new dimension. METHODS: The study was employed using national-level data from the World Bank and United Nations Development Programme. Distributed lag non-linear models with 5-year lag were used to examine the independent associations between the relevant factors and TFR. RESULTS: The cumulative exposure-TFR curves were inverted U-shaped for log gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and life expectancy at birth, while the cumulative exposure-response curves were approximately linear for female expected years of schooling and human development index (HDI). However, it is worth noting that in the developed regions, TFR increased slightly with the high level of GDP per capita, female expected years of schooling and HDI. CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays, with the growth of GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth, female expected years of schooling and HDI, TFR are on a drastic downward trend in most regions. Besides, with the development of society, when levels of the factors continued to increase, TFR also showed a slight rebound. Therefore, governments, especially those in developing countries, should take measures to stimulate fertility and deal with a series of problems caused by declining TFR.

Neutralization Activity against SARS-CoV-2 Variants after Booster Vaccination in Populations without COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis.

A number of SARS-CoV-2 variants that have evolved to have significant immune escape have emerged worldwide since the COVID-19 outbreak. The efficacy of prime vaccination is waning with the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, and the necessity of booster doses is more and more prominent. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the neutralization activity against the wild type and variants (Beta, Delta, and Omicron) in different prime-boost vaccination regimens. Electronic databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, medRxiv, Wanfang and CNKI were used to retrieve original studies. A total of 16 studies, 9 prime-boost vaccination regimes, and 3134 subjects were included in the meta-analysis and random effect models were used to estimate pooled neutralization titers. The neutralization activity against SARS-CoV-2 showed a significant decline with the evolution of the virus, especially in the populations primed with inactivated vaccines. For homologous immunization, only the populations boosted with mRNA vaccines consistently had a significant rise in neutralization titers (Beta: MD = 0.97; Delta: MD = 1.33; Omicron: MD = 0.74). While the heterologous immunization was more effective, the increment of neutralization titers against wild type, Beta, Delta and Omicron was 1.65 (95% CI: 1.32-1.96), 1.03 (95% CI: 0.53-1.54), 1.46 (95% CI: 1.07-1.85) and 1.15 (95% CI: 0.68-1.61), respectively. With the evolution of SARS-CoV-2, the effectiveness of prime immunization is waning. Although the administration of the booster dose could ameliorate the neutralization titers, homologous immunization regimens were gradually losing their effectiveness. Therefore, a heterologous booster dose is required, especially in populations primed with inactivated vaccines.

Association of Vitamin D in Different Trimester with Hemoglobin during Pregnancy.

The association between vitamin D and hemoglobin has been suggested. Vitamin D can affect erythropoiesis by the induction of erythroid progenitor cell proliferation and enhance iron absorption by regulating the iron-hepcidin-ferroportin axis in monocytes. However, this relationship in pregnant women is scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between plasma vitamin D levels with hemoglobin concentration in pregnant women considering each trimester and iron supplementation. The data were obtained from Zhoushan Pregnant Women Cohort, collected from 2011 to 2018. Plasma 25(OH)D was measured in each trimester using liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry. Generalized estimating equations and multiple linear regressions were performed. Finally, 2962 pregnant women and 4419 observations in the first trimester were included in this study. Plasma 25(OH)D in first trimester (T1) (ß = 0.06, p = 0.0177), second trimester (T2) (ß = 0.15, p < 0.0001), and third trimester (T3) (ß = 0.12, p = 0.0006) were positively associated with Hb. Association between plasma 25(OH)D levels in T1 and Hb concentration was positively associated with gestational age (ß = 0.005, p = 0.0421). Pregnant women with VD deficiency in T1 (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07−1.88) or T2 (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.30−2.89) presented an increased risk of anemia, compared with women without VD deficiency. Moreover, the significant relationship between VD and Hb was only observed among women with iron supplementation during pregnancy. Plasma 25(OH)D levels in each trimester were positively associated with Hb concentration. Iron supplementation might be an important factor affecting the relationship between VD and Hb.

The Associations of Maternal Hemoglobin Concentration in Different Time Points and Its Changes during Pregnancy with Birth Weight Outcomes.

Maternal hemoglobin (Hb) is related to nutritional status, which affects neonatal birth weight. However, it is very common for maternal Hb to fluctuate during pregnancy. To evaluate the associations of maternal Hb in different time points and its changes during pregnancy with neonatal birth weight, small for gestational age (SGA)/low birth weight (LBW) and large for gestational age (LGA)/macrosomia, we conducted this study by using data from the Electronic Medical Record System (EMRS) database of Zhoushan Maternal and Child Care Hospital in Zhejiang province, China. The pregnancy was divided into five periods: first, early-second, mediate-second, late-second, early-third and late-third trimesters; we further calculated the maternal Hb changes during pregnancy. Overall, the socio-demographic characteristics, health-related information and childbirth-related information of 24,183 mother−infant pairs were obtained. The average Hb concentration during the different periods were 123.95 ± 10.14, 117.95 ± 9.84, 114.31 ± 9.03, 113.26 ± 8.82, 113.29 ± 8.68 and 115.01 ± 8.85 g/L, respectively. Significant dose−response relationships between maternal Hb and birth weight were observed in the first, late-second and later trimesters (p non-linear < 0.05). Maternal Hb < 100 g/L was related to a high risk of LGA/macrosomia in the late-second (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.83) and later trimesters; additionally, high maternal Hb (>140 g/L) increased the risk of SGA/LBW in the first (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.57) and late-third trimesters (OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.20, 3.18). In addition, the increase in maternal Hb from the late-second to late-third trimesters had a positive correlation with SGA/LBW. In conclusion, maternal Hb markedly fluctuated during pregnancy; the negative dose−response association of maternal Hb in the late-second and third trimesters, and Hb change during pregnancy with neonatal birth weight outcomes were observed, respectively. Furthermore, the phenomenon of high Hb in the first trimester and after the late-second trimester and the increase of maternal Hb from the late-second to late-third trimesters more significantly increasing the risk of SGA/LBW should especially be given more attention. Its biological mechanism needs to be further explored.

The Association of Vitamin D and Its Pathway Genes' Polymorphisms with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Objective: We aimed to explore the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the genes of the vitamin D (VitD) metabolic pathway and its interaction with VitD level during pregnancy on the development of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Methods: The study was conducted in the Zhoushan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, China, from August 2011 to May 2018. The SNPs in VitD metabolic pathway-related genes were genotyped. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels was measured at first (T1), second (T2), and third (T3) trimesters. The information of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the diagnosis of HDP were extracted from the electronic medical record system. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models and crossover analysis were applied. Results: The prospective cohort study included 3699 pregnant women, of which 105 (2.85%) were diagnosed with HDP. After adjusting for potential confounders, VitD deficiency at T2, as well as the change of 25(OH)D level between T1 and T2, were negatively associated with DBP at T2 and T3, but not HDP. Polymorphisms in CYP24A1, GC, and LRP2 genes were associated with blood pressure and HDP. In addition, VitD interacted with CYP24A1, GC, and VDR genes' polymorphisms on blood pressure. Furthermore, participants with polymorphisms in CYP24A1-rs2248137, LRP2-rs2389557, and LRP2-rs4667591 and who had VitD deficiency at T2 showed an increased risk of HDP. Conclusions: The individual and interactive association between VitD deficiency during pregnancy and SNPs in the genes of the VitD metabolic pathway on blood pressure and HDP were identified.

Immunogenicity and Safety of Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunization with COVID-19 Vaccine: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

A prime-boost strategy of COVID-19 vaccines brings hope to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, while the immunogenicity of the vaccines is waning over time. Whether a booster dose of vaccine is needed has become a widely controversial issue. However, no published meta-analysis has focused on the issue. Therefore, this study assessed the immunogenicity and safety of the different combinations of prime-boost vaccinations. Electronic databases including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, medRxiv, Wanfang and CNKI were used to retrieve the original studies. A total of 28 studies, 9 combinations of prime-boost vaccinations and 5870 subjects were included in the meta-analysis, and random effect models were used to estimate pooled immunogenicity and safety. The immunity against COVID-19 after the prime vaccination waned over time, especially in the populations primed with inactivated vaccines, in which the seropositive rate of antibodies was only 28% (95% CI: 17-40%). Booster vaccination could significantly increase the antibody responses, and heterologous immunization was more effective than homologous immunization (neutralization titers: 1.65 vs. 1.27; anti-RBD IgG: 1.85 vs. 1.15); in particular, the combination of inactivated-mRNA vaccines had the highest antibody responses (neutralization titers: MRAW = 3.64, 95% CI: 3.54-3.74; anti-RBD IgG: 3.73, 95% CI: 3.59-3.87). Moreover, compared with the initial two doses of vaccines, a booster dose did not induce additional or severe adverse events. The administration of the booster dose effectively recalled specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and increased antibody levels, especially in heterologous immunization. Considering the long-term immunogenicity and vaccine equity, we suggest that now, only individuals primed with inactivated vaccines require a booster dose.

Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines in Phase III Trials: A Meta-Analysis.

Nowadays, the vaccination with COVID-19 vaccines is being promoted worldwide, professionals and common people are very concerned about the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines. No published systematic review and meta-analysis has assessed the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines based on data from phase III clinical trials. Therefore, this study has estimated the efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines and the differences between vaccine types. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, Wanfang, medRxiv databases and two websites were used to retrieve the studies. Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled efficacy and safety with risk ratio (RR). A total of eight studies, seven COVID-19 vaccines and 158,204 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. All the vaccines had a good preventive effect on COVID-19 (RR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.09-0.32), and the mRNA vaccine (RR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.03-0.09) was the most effective against COVID-19, while the inactivated vaccine (RR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.19-0.54) was the least. In terms of safety, the risk of overall adverse events showed an increase in the vaccine group after the first (RR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.03-2.05) or second (RR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.04-2.20) injection. However, compared with the first injection, the risk of local (RR = 2.64, 95% CI: 1.02-6.83 vs. RR = 2.25, 95% CI: 0.52-9.75) and systemic (RR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.21-1.46 vs. RR = 1.59, 95% CI: 0.84-3.01) adverse events decreased after the second injection. As for the mRNA vaccine, the risk of overall adverse events increased significantly, compared with the placebo, no matter whether it was the first (RR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.80-1.86) or the second (RR = 2.16, 95% CI = 2.11-2.20) injection. All the COVID-19 vaccines that have published the data of phase III clinical trials have excellent efficacy, and the risk of adverse events is acceptable. The mRNA vaccines were the most effective against COVID-19, meanwhile the risk and grade of adverse events was minimal, compared to that of severe symptoms induced by COVID-19.

Association of vitamin D and gene variants in the vitamin D metabolic pathway with preterm birth.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the association of vitamin D (VitD) levels during pregnancy and its metabolic pathway genes with the risk for preterm birth (PTB) among pregnant women in southeast China. METHODS: This study was conducted in Zhoushan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zhejiang, from August 2011 to May 2018. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels in three trimesters and single-nucleotide morphisms in the VitD metabolic pathway were measured. Relevant information was collected using questionnaires and an electronic medical recorder system. Multiple statistical methods including linear regression, logistic regression, and crossover analysis were applied. RESULTS: The prospective cohort study included 3465 pregnant women, of which 202 were PTB (week of gestation at delivery: 33.38 ± 4.05), accounting for 5.8%. After adjusting for potential confounders, VitD sufficiency (≥30 ng/mL) in the second and third trimesters was associated with longer gestational age at delivery compared with VitD deficiency (<20 ng/mL). However, no significant association was found between VitD with the risk for PTB. rs7041, rs10210408, and rs2228171 were associated with gestational week and the risk for PTB. Significant associations were found of rs10210408, rs2209314, rs1155563, rs2544381 and the status of VitD in the second and third trimester with the gestational week. We also found that rs7041 and VitD in the second trimester might exert interaction on gestational week and the risk for PTB (Pinter = 0.038; Pinter = 0.019); rs16846876 and VitD in the second trimester might exert interaction on gestational week (Pinter = 0.024); rs4334089 and VitD in the third trimester might exert interaction on gestational week (Pinter = 0.024). Similar results were found when we tested pregnant women's plasma 25(OH)D in the first and second trimesters. CONCLUSIONS: Women with VitD deficiency were associated with shorter gestational weeks. Single-nucleotide morphisms in VitD metabolic pathway genes were significantly associated with gestation week and the risk for PTB, mainly in vitamin D-binding protein (GC) and low-density lipoprotein-related protein 2 (LRP2)genes. Additionally, maternal VitD with GC gene and maternal VitD with vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene might exert interactions on the risk for PTB.